Application of differential evolution for cascaded multilevel VSI with harmonics elimination PWM switching

Harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (HEPWM) method has been widely applied to multilevel voltage source inverter (MVSI) to remove low frequency harmonics from its output voltage. However, the computation of the HEPWM switching angles for MVSI is very challenging due to several constraints, namely angle sequencing, very tight angular spacing and the numerous possibilities of angles distribution ratio. Realizing the potential of Differential Evolution (DE) to handle complex problems, this work proposes its application to solve the HEPWM problem for cascaded MVSI. Its emphasis is on improving the availability of HEPWM for higher output voltage by extending the maximum range of modulation index (M). It also removes the discontinuities in the switching angles and reduces the number of distribution ratio required to obtain the required solution. Compared to the most advanced (similar) work, i.e., 7-level MVSI with seventeen switching angles, DE covers a wider range of M; the maximum achievable M is 2.80. Furthermore, it exhibits very low second order distortion factor (DF₂): for the worst case, the value of DF₂ is 0.0014%. To verify the viability of the proposed algorithm, simulation is carried out and hardware prototype is constructed. Both results show very good agreement with the theoretical prediction.     

Investigation of cohesive FE modeling to predict crack depth during deep-scratching on optical glasses

Optical glass scratching can induce various types of cracks, among which median cracks are extremely detrimental and penetrate deeply under the surface. Due to deep-scratching process complexity, it is challenging to devise a method to predict median crack depth. Indentation testing has been examined comprehensively in prior research works. It has been found that using the correlation between scratch and indentation testing can simplify predictive method development. In this research, a numerical method based on indentation testing is proposed to determine median crack depth during deep scratching. In the first step, an FE model is configured to simulate the indentation testing process and the Cohesive Zone Method is applied to describe median crack behavior. The cohesive parameters calibrated through experimental indentation testing are implemented in the FE scratch model, and the results are compared with the experimental scratch test results. According to the results, the FE scratch model was enhanced by mode II fracture energy and the modeled friction coefficient. The indentation and scratch experiments were conducted with BK7, F2, Fused silica, K5, Pyrex, Quartz, SF6, and SF19. The experimental results prove that the nonlinearity of the median crack depth curve correlates with K_Ic. A comparison of the experimental and numerical results demonstrates the model is virtually functional for materials with K_Ic below 1000?kPa?m^1/2. Comparisons between the current findings and other studies infer the model and experimental results are accurate and reliable.     

Validation of Models Predicting Nucleation Rates from Induction Times and Metastable Zone Widths

Three approaches for estimation of nucleation rates from induction time and metastable zone width (MSZW) were validated based on directly measured nucleation rates for paracetamol in ethanol. To quantitatively predict nucleation kinetics using Kubota's methods it is necessary to know the minimum detectable number concentration of nuclei. This was found by determination of light transmission of a series of diluted suspensions of newly nucleated crystals where the size had already been assessed by optical reflection measurement (ORM). The measured nucleation rates strongly depended on both temperature and supersaturation. The Nyvlt method predicted nucleation rates in this system reasonably well; however, it gave slightly low estimates for all temperatures. The methods of Kubota provided nucleation rates that were low by an order of magnitude.     

Shear crack growth in brittle materials modeled by constrained Cosserat elasticity

The propagation of in-plane shear cracks is investigated in brittle microstructured materials modeled by the constrained Cosserat elasticity. This theory introduces characteristic material lengths in order to describe the scale effects that emerge from the underlying microstructure and has proved to be very effective for modeling complex microstructured materials. An exact solution is obtained based on integral transforms and the Wiener-Hopf technique. Numerical results are presented illustrating the dependence of the stress intensity factor and the energy release rate upon the loading profile, the propagation velocity, and the characteristic material lengths of Cosserat elasticity. It is shown that depending on the Cosserat microstructural lengths the limiting crack propagation velocity can be significantly lower than the classical Rayleigh limit. Moreover, strengthening effects are observed when the characteristic material lengths become comparable to the geometrical lengths of the problem, a behavior that has been experimentally verified in fracture of ceramics.     

船用淡水泵泵轴开裂的仿真分析及改进

针对某船用淡水泵泵轴开裂故障，建立泵轴有限元模型，并采用应力-疲劳理论和线性累积损伤模型，基于安全系数法分析了泵轴的高周疲劳损伤。结果表明:泵轴键槽为结构疲劳薄弱区域，疲劳安全系数不足导致键槽处产生疲劳裂纹,裂纹扩展,直至开裂失效。仿真和试验验证表明:取消键槽并加大轴径的改进措施成效显著；泵轴的疲劳安全系数得到提高，满足材料的许用要求。     

高强度双头螺柱断裂失效分析

通过对双头螺柱化学成分、力学性能和金相组织进行分析,以及对其断口进行宏观形貌和微观形貌观察,最终确定双头螺柱断裂失效是由于表面螺纹沟槽处的大量氢鼓泡受到拉应力的作用在沟槽表面形成微裂纹造成的。     

划片刀配方对砷化镓晶圆切割崩裂的影响

利用试验设计方法(design of experiment, DOE)，以不同配方的划片刀划切砷化镓晶圆，并检测其正、背、侧面的崩裂尺寸，找出划片刀配方对砷化镓晶圆切割崩裂尺寸的影响规律。研究表明:划片刀的磨料粒度与砷化镓晶圆切割质量密切相关，即磨料粒度越细，正、背、侧面崩裂尺寸越小；而磨料浓度和结合剂强度与砷化镓晶圆正、背、侧面的切割质量相关性并不显著。可通过缩小磨粒尺寸的方式提高划切质量，并视情况调整磨料浓度和结合剂强度。      

沿空掘巷煤柱合理宽度分析及确定

针对大部分煤矿沿空掘巷煤柱留设不合理造成煤炭资源浪费以及巷道难以维护的难题，采用数值模拟和力学分析相结合的方法，得到了采空区边缘区域应力峰值与原岩应力之间的应力集中系数，结合弹塑性力学计算最终确定了合理的煤柱宽度并应用于工程实践，为相似矿井煤柱宽度留设提供了借鉴。     

数字化射线检测技术在船舶领域的应用

随着数字射线检测技术的不断发展,CR与DR数字射线检测技术以其检测灵敏度高、检测速度快及底片数据电子化存储等优势越来越广泛地应用于各行业中。针对船舶行业射线检测的主要检测对象(钢板对接焊缝、管路对接焊缝),开展了CR数字射线检测技术等价性评价、典型裂纹试验,以及基于不同种类射线装置的DR数字射线检测工艺试验,验证了数字化射线检测技术在船舶领域应用的适用性。     

Ferroelastic domain switching and R-curve behavior in lead zirconate titanate (Zr/Ti = 52/48)-based ferroelectric ceramics

In this work, ferroelastic domain switching and R-curve behavior in lead zirconate titanate (Nb/Ce co-doped Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃, ab. PZT-NC)-based ferroelectric ceramics were investigated, using the indentation-strength-in-bending (ISB) method. Firstly, Vickers indentation test examined the notable fracture anisotropy of PZT-NC ceramics between the poling direction and its perpendicular direction, and the crack open displacement (COD) profiles in the two directions were also theoretically calculated from the indentation fracture mechanics. And then two kinds of ferroelastic domain switching modes (in-plane and out-of-plane) were used for explaining such anisotropic propagation behavior of indentation cracks. The subsequent three-point bending test illustrated the dependence of fracture strength on indentation load and the rising crack growth resistance curves (R-curves) in two directions. The resulted R-curves were fitted by the Hill's type Growth Function successfully, giving the reasonable values of crack extension exponential (n), plateau fracture toughness (K_max), and initial fracture toughness (K_ini). The in-plane ferroelastic domain switching was identified as a more significant toughening mechanism for PZT-NC ceramics than the out-of-plane switching due to more switchable domains.